If an individual, partnership, estate, trust, or an S corporation engages in an activity that is not conducted as a for-profit business, expenses (other than the cost of goods sold) are not deductible. This rule does not apply to corporations other than S corporations. If an activity is considered a for-profit business, deductions can exceed income, allowing the resulting loss to offset other income.

Determination

In determining whether an activity is a hobby or a business, all facts and circumstances are taken into account. No one factor can make the determination. The following list is not intended to be all-inclusive.

• How the taxpayer carries on the Factors that may indicate a business include maintaining complete and accurate books and records, carrying on the activity substantially similar to other profitable activities of the same nature, and changing operating methods and techniques to improve profitability.
• The expertise of the taxpayer or his or her Factors that may indicate a business include knowledge of the taxpayer, or consultation with those who are knowledgeable about a particular industry, then using that knowledge to try to make a profit.
• The time and effort expended by the taxpayer in carrying on the activity. Factors that may indicate a business include spending a lot of time and effort in the activity, particularly if the activity does not have substantial personal or recreational

Taking time away from another occupation may also indicate a profit motive. Spending little time will not be counted against the taxpayer if qualified employees are hired to carry on the activity.

• The expectation that assets used in the activity may appreciate in value. Even if no profit is made from operations, if the value of land or other assets in the activity appreciate so that an overall profit is made from a sale, the activity may be considered a
• The success of the taxpayer in carrying on other similar or dissimilar If the taxpayer was successful in the past turning an unprofitable venture into a profitable venture, the current activity may be a business even if it has not yet made a profit.
• The taxpayer’s history of income or losses with respect to the activity. Early losses during start-up will not count against the taxpayer, but continued losses after the customary start-up stage that are not explainable may indicate a hobby. Losses sustained due to unforeseen circumstances, such as casualty or thefts beyond the taxpayer’s control, will not count against the taxpayer. Any series of profitable years are strong evidence the activity is a business.
• The amount of occasional profits, if any, which are The amount of profits in relation to the amount of losses, and in relation to the taxpayer’s investment in the activity, may indicate intent. An occasional small profit one year, mixed with large losses in other years or large taxpayer investments, may indicate the activity is a hobby. Substantial occasional profits mixed with frequent small losses or investments may indicate a business. An opportunity to earn substantial ultimate profits in a highly speculative venture also indicates a profit motive.
• The financial status of the If the taxpayer does not have substantial income or capital from other sources, the taxpayer may have a profit motive. If the taxpayer has substantial income from other sources, and losses from the activity in question generate substantial tax benefits, the taxpayer may not have a profit motive.

Elements of personal pleasure or recreation. Where there are recreational or personal elements involved with the activity, a lack of profits may indicate a hobby. On the other hand, a lack of any appeal in the activity other than possible profits indicates a profit motive.     It is not necessary that the sole purpose for engaging in an activity is to make a profit. The availability of other investments that might produce a higher rate of return will not count against the taxpayer. The fact that a taxpayer derives personal pleasure in the activity is not sufficient in itself to classify the activity as a hobby if other factors indicate the activity is a business.

Presumption of Profit

IRS rules state that if an activity is profitable in three of the last five tax years, including the current year, the presumption is it is carried on for profit, and the hobby loss limitations do not apply. If the activity consists primarily of breeding, training, showing, or racing horses, the IRS will presume it is carried on for profit if a profit is produced in at least two of the last seven tax years, including the current year.

Reporting Hobby Income and Expenses

Occasional profits from hobby activities are not subject to self-employment tax and are reported as Other Income on Form 1040.

Hobby Income

Gross hobby income for the purposes of the hobby loss rules equals gross receipts minus the cost of goods sold de- duction. Hobby income may include capital gain, rent, and other income.

Hobby income, less cost of goods sold, is reported as Other Income on Form 1040.

Hobby Expenses

For tax years 2018 through 2025, operating expenses associated with hobby income are not deductible.

 Activities Not Engaged in for Profit        

IRS examiners consider the following in their analysis to determine whether or not an activity is engaged in for profit.

• Are there activities with large expenses and little or no income?
• Are losses offsetting other income on the tax return?
• Does the activity result in a large tax benefit to the taxpayer?
• Does the history of the activity show that it is generating any profit in any year?

Examples of possible hobby activities include:

Airplane Charter     Artists                    Auto Racing            Bed and Breakfast

Boating                Bowling                   Collecting Cooking                 

Craft Sales               Direct Sales           Dog Breeding          Entertainers

Farming                  Fishing                  Fishkeeping            Gambling Games

Gardening              Horse Breeding     Horse Racing          Jewelry Making

Knitting                    Motocross Racing  Music                      Outdoor Recreation

Photography          Rentals                 Stamp Collecting                               Woodworking

Writing                     Yacht Charter

Contact Us

There are many events that occur during the year that can affect your tax situation. Preparation of your tax return involves summarizing transactions and events that occurred during the prior year. In most situations, treatment is firmly established at the time the transaction occurs. However, negative tax effects can be avoided by proper planning. Please contact us in advance if you have questions about the tax effects of a transaction or event, including the following:

• Pension or IRA
• Retirement.
• A significant change in income or deductions
• Notice from IRS or other revenue departments.
• Job Change
• Divorce or separation.
• Self-employment.
• Attainment of age 59½ or 72.
• Charitable contributions of property in excess of $5,000
• Sale or purchase of a business
• Sale or purchase of a residence or other real estate

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